7 October 2016
Dear Fossil Free Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» representatives,
I refer to Fossil Fuel Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s briefing paper “Fossil Fuel Divestment and Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» of Queensland” and attendance at the April and August Senate meetings.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Senate has carefully considered your submission. The Senate's view was that divestment would make no real difference and it was better to work with all parties and across all areas of the university to ensure effective action on climate change. Research in areas such as clean energy, renewable energy and sustainable development, together with a commitment to sustainable investment principles, are a greater measure of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»'s commitment on climate change than the gesture of divestment.
I would emphasise at the outset that the Senate accepts the magnitude of the threat posed by climate change and is committed to ensuring sustainability is embedded in our teaching, research, engagement and operational activities. I wanted to take this opportunity to set out in some detail what Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is doing in these areas.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s investment portfolio
As at 30 June 2016, the value of the University’s managed investment portfolio was $169.2m. For the purposes of classifying its portfolio, the University’s investments have been separated into three distinct categories:
- Companies involved in fossil fuel extraction or those with a direct fossil fuel exposure;
- Companies with an indirect fossil fuel exposure (eg. banks and large industrial groups); and
- Companies with no known exposure.
In applying the above classification, for the period July 2015 to June 2016 direct fossil fuel companies comprised an average of 3.82% of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s total investment portfolio. It should be noted that the companies identified as having direct fossil fuel exposure may be involved in a diverse range of activities, some of which may not have direct fossil fuel exposure and indeed may include expanding alternative energy strategies.
The portfolio is managed in accordance with the University’s Management Investment Portfolio Policy. Under the policy, the University has appointed two Funds Managers (Dalton Nicol Reid and Hyperion) to manage its investment portfolio. The Fund Managers undertake their role in accordance with the University’s Management Investment Portfolio Policy, and guidelines for the management of the University’s managed investment portfolio. These guidelines are developed by the Finance Committee.
Both Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Fund Managers are signatories to the United Nations-supported Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) Initiative. The PRI Initiative provides a holistic approach to sustainable investment rather than focusing on a single category such as investment in fossil fuel companies.
The six PRI principles recognise the materiality of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) issues that contribute to the development of a more sustainable global financial system. By being a signatory to the PRI Initiative, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s Fund Managers are committed to the following principles:
- Incorporate ESG issues into investment analysis and decision-making processes;
- Be an active owner and incorporate ESG issues into ownership policies and practices;
- Seek appropriate disclosure on ESG issues by the entities in which the Fund Managers invest;
- Promote acceptance and implementation of the Principles within the investment industry;
- Work together to enhance our effectiveness in implementing the Principles; and
- Report on activities and progress towards implementing the Principles.
The PRI Initiative is considered the leading global network for investors to publicly demonstrate their commitment to responsible investment. The Initiative has over 1,500 signatories worldwide, including asset owners, investment managers and service providers, with over US$60 trillion assets under management. The PRI Initiative provides a framework for sustainable investment practices.
In managing the University’s investment portfolio, Dalton Nicol Reid have taken the PRI Initiative one step further through their Australian Equities Socially Responsible Portfolio. The investment process for this portfolio is augmented by research from Bloomberg as well as an assessment on environmental, social and governance considerations. This enables Dalton Nicol Reid to apply ESG screens to exclude any stocks in the portfolio that have involvement in pornography, gambling, armaments and tobacco, or include stocks representing enhanced environmental, social and governance policies. Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s portfolio is invested in Dalton Nicol Reid’s Australian Equities Socially Responsible Portfolio.
In January 2016, a separate Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Green Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) was established through Dalton Nicol Reid. This fund will not invest in companies involved with tobacco, armaments, gaming and pornography as they are not deemed to be social responsible investments (SRI).
In addition, the fund will not invest in companies excluded from the FTSE All-World ex Fossil Fuels Index. A company is excluded if it satisfies any of the following conditions:
- classified as in the Industry Classification Benchmark (ICB) subsectors - Exploration and Production (0533), Integrated Oil and Gas (0537), Coal Mining (1771) and General Mining (1775); and either have
- revenues arising from Bituminous Coal And Lignite Surface Mining (SIC code: 1221), Bituminous Coal Underground Mining (SIC code: 1222), Anthracite Mining (SIC code: 1231), Crude Petroleum And Natural Gas (SIC code: 1311) and Natural Gas Liquids (SIC code: 1321) based on the companies’ most recent published Annual Report and Accounts; or
- proven and probable reserves in coal, oil or gas based on the companies’ most recent published Annual Report and Accounts.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» has committed $3m to the establishment of this fund which we see as complementing our commitment to the PRI initiative. The option to invest in this fund (as opposed to the normal Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» fund) will be provided to donors.
We note that mention have been made of divestment decisions by a very small proportion of the world’s universities. We believe further analysis is warranted on the finer details of these decisions. For example, there has been much publicity around the recent announcement by Queensland University of Technology (QUT) that “no fossil fuel investments of material significance” will form part of QUT’s investment portfolio that is held with its external fund manager, the Queensland Investment Corporation (QIC). It is our understanding, that this does not necessarily preclude QIC from investing in fossil fuel companies. The QIC Growth Fund, in which QUT has invested, currently owns shares in fossil fuel companies that QUT considers “immaterial”. This is the same as Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» of Queensland’s current investment portfolio. We hold no direct investments in fossil fuel companies and hold only a very small amount of investments in fossil fuel companies through our external fund managers.
Research activities
Over 130 researchers identify climate change as a component of their research focus. This figure does not include the full complement of research staff (research higher degree students, postdocs etc) so it therefore represents a conservative figure – the likely figure is estimated to be closer to 200.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s climate change research activities span five faculties and three institutes, with the majority of research effort and capacity within the Faculty of Science – notably in the School of Biological Sciences; School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; School of Earth Sciences; School of Mathematics. A full outline of the climate change related research activities is attached (Appendix 1).
The Global Change Institute (GCI), the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), and the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) are also engaged in climate related research. Four of the five ARC Laureate Fellows in environmental science (Hoegh-Guldberg, Marshall, Mumby, Possingham) have world-class research groups that focus some of their activities on climate change.
Some Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» scholars have been lead or contributing authors or reviewers for the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); and hold positions of esteem for their research into climate change science, impacts and responses. For example, Professor Hoegh-Guldberg was the recipient of the Prince of Monaco Climate Change Award in 2014; Professors Paul Meredith and Peta Ashworth sit on the Queensland Productivity Commission’s Review Panel of the Queensland Renewable Energy Target; Professor Hussey has been invited to be a member of the Queensland Premier’s Climate Change Advisory Council.
Climate science
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» has five of the world leading experts on the effects of climate change on tropical marine ecosystems (Hoegh-Guldberg, Lovelock, Mumby, Pandolfi, Richardson), including the coordinating lead author of the IPCC Chapter 30 on Oceans as part of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. These research efforts span ocean warming, coral bleaching, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, ocean productivity, and blue carbon stocks (including lead roles in CSIRO’s Coastal Carbon Cluster).
The ARC Centre for Excellence in Environmental Decision Making, led by Professor Hugh Possingham, is a global leading research centre for solving environmental management problems and for evaluating the outcomes of environmental actions, with a strong focus on change under a changing climate.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» of Queensland manages the National Environmental Science Programme Threatened Species Recovery Hub that works across key themes to inform and support on-ground responses that reduce threats (both through direct human action and climate change) and promote recovery of threatened species and build a better understanding of their status, threats and management options.
Climate change policy and economics
Besides research strengths in the science of climate change, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» also has research strengths relating to climate change mitigation and adaptation policy, economics, public health, political science, engineering, economic, business, legislation, communication and education (refer Appendix 1).
Renewable Energy
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Energy research has expertise in transforming traditional energy technologies and systems to account for climate change, as well as significant strengths in supporting renewable energy technologies and the development of new concepts and emerging solutions.
The Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Energy Initiative is a high profile, external engagement ‘hub’ for Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s energy expertise, and has a strong focus on climate change and the transition of the energy sector in the coming decades.
In the last 12 months alone, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» has hosted six internationally-acclaimed climate scientists, economists and public policy scholars from world-class institutions in the United States and Europe.
Education
Climate change forms a major component of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching content across multiple faculties, and it is also a core issue in the Master of Environmental Management, the Master of Energy Studies, the forthcoming GCI Global Change Scholars Program, the MOOC Denial 101x and the MOOC Carbon 101x (to be launched in February 2017).
Outreach and community engagement
CoralWatch is a citizen science project based at Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» of Queensland that focuses on coral health and coral bleaching observations – a research program that is increasingly important owing to climate change.
The Global Change Institute hosts thousands of students and members of the public each year through weekly tours of the GCI’s Sustainable Building, which is the 37th most sustainable university building in the world. Almost all of the technologies used in the building relate to reducing the carbon footprint of built infrastructure. The Advanced Engineering Building has adopted many of the same principles. On the basis of the low-carbon credentials of these buildings, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» has been invited to join the CRC for Low Carbon Living (hosted by UNSW).
We are also pleased to support the Great Barrier Reef Foundation through the Vice-Chancellor’s membership on the Chairman’s Panel. The Foundation is the only charity in the world dedicated solely to raising funds for scientific research to protect and restore the Great Barrier Reef.
Operational activities
As an institution of global standing, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is committed to reducing all aspects of its environmental impact, including greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve this, a dedicated Energy and Sustainably office was established within the Property and Facilities division. The core purpose of this team is to reduce the impact of the University’s operations, with a particular focus on energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
As a large emitter of greenhouse gas emissions, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is required to calculate and report its carbon footprint annually. In the 2015/16 financial year, this carbon footprint was 118,400 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e).
Energy usage makes up around 98% of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s carbon footprint, with over 95% of this energy used at four sites – St Lucia, Gatton, Herston and the Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (PACE). The St Lucia campus alone uses the same amount of energy each year as around 20,000 average Queensland homes. As a result, reducing energy usage is essential to reducing Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s climate impact. Indeed, we believe this is a key obligation of any large emitter of carbon dioxide, including all universities.
The work of the Sustainability Unit is having a significant impact. Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s carbon footprint has decreased by 14% since 2010/11 and continues to trend down. Grid electricity usage – the largest component of this footprint – is also declining rapidly. So far in 2016, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s electricity usage is over 5% lower than the same period last year. As a result, energy usage today is now lower than it was in 2011, despite the growth of the organisation over this time. These results have been achieved through Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s continued on-the-ground investment and action across a range of areas.
As a university in the ‘Sunshine State’, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» has worked hard to position itself as a leader in clean energy deployment. We now have over 47,000 individual solar panels installed across 28 buildings. Collectively, this 5.8 megawatts of solar capacity generates over 8.4 million kWh per annum – enough to power 1,450 average Queensland homes. This clean energy source avoids the burning of 2.9 million kilograms of coal, saving 7.75 million kilograms of CO2-e emissions – the same as taking 3,000 cars off the road. This positions Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» as one of the largest solar energy generators in Australia, and one of the largest solar universities in the world. Real time and historical data on electricity generated by the Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» St Lucia solar array is available on the Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» website ( ).
Beyond solar, Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is also actively involved in the trial and demonstration of other emerging clean energy technologies. An example of this is the recent commissioning of a pilot ‘Ground Source Heat Pump’ geothermal air conditioning system at the Gatton campus library. The opportunity for a biogas capture and energy generation facility at the Gatton campus is also currently being investigated and has been given in-principle approval to proceed. As well as contributing to reducing Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s greenhouse gas emissions, this infrastructure is playing a key role in helping to foster wider uptake of clean energy across Australia. The lessons learned from Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s clean energy journey are being shared freely to inform and inspire others. The Gatton campus solar farm in particular has become a key educational resource in this regard, and is visited almost weekly by representatives from industry and government.
Reducing the energy used by buildings and equipment is another key component of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s strategy to reduce the organisation’s climate impact. A comprehensive energy efficiency program is focused on making changes across the areas of air conditioning, mechanical plant, lighting, hot water, and building fabric in order to improve the efficiency of operations while still maintaining or improving the estate condition. A small sample of the work from this program includes:
- Retrofitting over 25,000 lights to efficient technologies over the past five years, alongside installing motion sensors and other lighting control technologies;
- Implementing a system to match air conditioning schedules in teaching spaces to class timetables;
- Optimising central air conditioning plant – efficiency improvements of 40%+ have been observed at the Queensland Bioscience Precinct plant for example;
- Installing variable speed drives on large pumps and fans;
- Tuning the air conditioning schedules and control strategies of individual buildings – the General Purpose South building saw electricity usage reduce by over 30% following this exercise; and
- Replacing electric hot water units with solar hot water or point-of-use systems.
In 2016 alone, over 100 individual energy efficiency initiatives will be implemented. Whilst these initiatives may be small individually in the context of overall energy usage, collectively they add up to make a big difference. They will deliver an additional 6,000+ tonnes of emissions reduction each year.
Despite the progress to date, significant further opportunities remain to continue to reduce Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s energy impact. This includes the continued systematic improvement of individual buildings, fundamentally redesigning the way climate control is provided to energy intensive laboratory spaces, and upgrading central air conditioning plant.
Transport is another notable area of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s impact. Whilst not calculated as part of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s official carbon footprint, the impact of staff and student commuting is significant. Encouraging the uptake of sustainable transport options is a key area of focus with regular promotional activities and the investment in suitable infrastructure. There are over 2,400 bicycle rack spaces available across campuses – up 22% from 2013. We now have over 71% of the St Lucia campus population travelling to campus by public transport, cycling or walking – with this rate continuing to steadily rise according to annual surveys.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is also helping to foster the wider uptake of sustainable transport options. Most notably, this includes installing Queensland’s first solar powered electric vehicle (EV) fast chargers at the St Lucia and Gatton campuses in March 2016. Unlike regular wall outlets, these chargers are able to deliver 70 kilometres of range in just 15 minutes and are widely recognised as essential infrastructure for helping overcome the ‘range anxiety’ traditionally associated with EVs. This is particularly important for the Gatton campus, which is also Queensland’s first fast charger in a regional location. This infrastructure is already creating change, with over 9,000km of charge provided in the first three months of operation – enough to drive from Brisbane to Perth and back. To compliment this, the first fully electric vehicle is also due to join Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s corporate fleet by the end of 2016.
The natural environment of Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s campuses is also playing a key role in the organisation’s response to climate change. Since 2013, over 21,000 trees have been planted across the St Lucia and Gatton campuses. These trees are helping to restore 25 acres of land to native, biodiverse vegetation. Furthermore, these trees are also expected to sequester over 2,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions over their lifetime.
Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» is a firm believer that the world should move towards a more energy-efficient mode of operation where an ever increasing proportion of energy is produced without creating greenhouse gas emissions. This belief is demonstrated through our actions, many of which are detailed above. We look forward to continuing this good work alongside our staff, students and communities. In Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³»’s view, this approach should be emulated by a larger number of universities and we hope that students are encouraging others to do likewise.
I suspect you will be disappointed at the Senate’s decision not to accept your recommendations. However, I hope you will acknowledge the comprehensive approach that the University is taking towards meeting the challenges of climate change and why we consider that changes to our investment policies is not warranted.
Yours sincerely
Mr Peter N Varghese AO
Chancellor
Appendix
The following researchers are all engaged in climate change–related research and/or education
Unit |
Research interests |
Faculty of Science |
|
Mathematics |
Impacts of climate change, marine ecology, and analyses of large datasets using modern statistical techniques |
Geography, Planning and Environmental Management
|
The effects of climate and landscape change on biodiversity |
Climate change and the impacts this has on the ability of people and communities to continue living in their homelands |
|
Paleoclimatology of the Western Pacific Basin |
|
Biogeography, conservation planning, climate change adaptation and ecology |
|
Land surface-atmosphere energy exchanges, complex terrain wind fields, dust transport, climate change and variability |
|
Effects of sea-level rise on coastal ecosystems |
|
Landscape ecology, biodiversity conservation and climate change |
|
River system response to both changing climate and human impacts |
|
Geomorphic impacts of floods and sediment transport |
|
Nutrient processes and dynamics in coastal ecosystems, climate adaptation at local and community scales |
|
Political economy of climate change mitigation |
|
Link between climate change, oceanography and biological responses |
|
Decision-making in wicked problems with multiple objectives, optimal climate adaptation strategies |
|
Remote Sensing in terrestrial and aquatic environments |
|
Palaeoecology in Australia |
|
Freshwater biogeochemical reactive transport, carbon and nutrient cycling |
|
Landscape ecology and conservation policy |
|
Remote Sensing in aquatic environments |
|
Systematic conservation planning, resource management decisions |
|
Spatial conservation prioritisation |
|
Environmental policy, governance and economics |
|
Evaluation of the effectiveness of environmental regulation, climate change and greenhouse gas accounting |
|
Understanding the mechanism of human intervention on the environment |
|
School of Biological Sciences
|
Plant community ecology, conservation biology, climate change biology |
Physiological and behavioural responses to changing environmental conditions |
|
Climate change impacts and biodiversity conservation using spatial modelling |
|
Molecular biology, evolution and genetics of mosquitoes in the Southwest Pacific region |
|
Species conservation and management, impact of climate change on species population dynamics |
|
Influence of environmental change, including climate change, on the ecology of coastal communities |
|
Ecological dynamics of coral reef ecosystems over broad spatial and temporal scales |
|
Interactions between people and nature |
|
Landscape ecology, disturbance theory, ecosystem resilience and recovery |
|
Restoration, population and community ecology |
|
Effect of temperature on physiological processes and respiratory gas exchange |
|
Coral reef ecology, climate change effects, management |
|
Ocean acidification |
|
Connectivity of the crown-of-thorns starfish |
|
Coral community and population dynamics, effect of climate change in coral ecosystems |
|
Trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services, sustainable agriculture, food security |
|
Ecology and conservation of forest ecosystems |
|
Applied conservation resource allocation |
|
Quantitative field ecology, carbon economies |
|
Conservation decision making in the terrestrial Antarctica and sub-Antarctic |
|
Effects of elevated temperature and acidification on coral physiology |
|
Organism responses to environmental variation |
|
Interaction of climate/climate change and biodiversity |
|
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences
|
Plant nutrition |
Plant nutrition, ecophysiology |
|
Soil and environmental science, plant nutrition |
|
Impacts of population growth, changing consumption patterns and climate change on food security |
|
Diseases of tropical crops |
|
System dynamic modelling of the relationships between coastal and marine resource use |
|
Social-ecological systems and resilience, natural resource management |
|
School of Earth Sciences
|
Palaeoecology, geochronology, zoology and modern conservation |
Late Pleistocene and Holocene reconstruction of ENSO using marine invertebrates and terrestrial sediments |
|
School of Engineering
|
Coastal and ocean engineering |
Catchment management impacts on inshore ecosystem, ecosystem based management |
|
Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology
|
|
School of Chemical Engineering |
Director – Â鶹´«Ã½Ó³» Energy Initiative |
|
Modelling drivers for environmental change in aquatic ecosystems, climate change |
|
Environmental sustainability of Australian food systems |
|
Public attitudes to climate and energy technologies |
|
Urban metabolism and the water-energy nexus |
School of Architecture |
Cross-cultural study of the ethno-environmental relations of indigenous peoples |
|
Well-being and architecture |
|
Indigenous cultural heritage, ethnobotany and environmental management |
Faculty of Medicine |
|
School of Public Health |
Public and environmental health |
|
Public health and epidemiology |
|
Sustainable health of people, wildlife and ecosystems |
Faculty of Business, Economics and Law |
|
School of Business |
Financial impacts of corporate adaptation and resilience to climate change impacts |
|
Relationship between events and climate change |
|
Sustainable tourism destination policy and planning, climate change and Indigenous tourism |
|
Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures |
|
Strategic management of intangible resources |
School of Economics |
Production economics, risk and uncertainty, market access, bio-security, one-health and policy |
|
Research economist and as a commentator on Australian economic policy |
|
Environmental and natural resource economics |
|
Renewable energy economics, modelling complex economic systems, economics of innovation |
|
Trade and development, productivity growth, income distribution and poverty, environmental sustainability issues |
|
Empirical and policy analysis in agricultural economics, tourism economics, international trade and energy |
School of Law |
Food security, biodiversity and farmers' rights |
|
Comparative criminal justice, theoretical criminology, socio-legal studies of punishment and society |
|
Carriage of goods by sea, admiralty law, marine insurance |
|
Environmental and economic anthropology |
|
Climate change adaptation, blue carbon, biodiversity offsets |
Faulty of Humanities and Social Sciences |
|
School of Political Science and International Studies |
Relationship between security and environmental change, politics of climate change in Australia |
School of Social Science
|
Transformation of local and global food systems in light of shifting social relations and global environmental change |
Political ecology of resource conflicts |
|
Agriculture, the environment and the politics of sustainability |
|
School of Education |
Student learning in science, assessment in science education, teacher professional learning |
Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences |
|
School of Psychology
|
Understanding how people respond to climate change |
Examining intragroup and intergroup relations in the context of identity threat and response to criticism |
|
Institutes |
|
Global Change Institute
|
Climate change effects on marine ecosystems. |
Public policy and governance, sustainable development |
|
Psychology of climate change denial |
|
New sustainable high tech materials for more efficient production of solar energy |
|
Market and economic modelling of the impacts of distributed generation |
|
Resilience of electricity systems (PhD candidate) |
|
Climate policy and ecological economics |
|
Modelling of energy, environmental and economic problems |
|
Treatment and use of water with social, environmental and economic considerations |
|
Application of trans-disciplinary approaches in food systems, human geography, and mapping |
|
Climate impacts on tropical marine environments |
|
Coral reef ecology and ecosystem resilience |
|
Modelling climate impacts on vegetation cover and impact of land cover change on regional climates |
|
Sustainability and food security |
|
Public policy, governance and institutional arrangements associated with sustainability and global change issues |
|
Coral reef ecology and ecosystem resilience |
|
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation
|
Biochemical and molecular tools to develop improved crop varieties to improve food and energy security |
Quantitative, population, evolutionary and molecular genetics, breeding objectives and strategies |
|
Climate impacts and risks related to agricultural production, agro-ecological and environmental modelling |
|
Improving climate resilience of tropical tree crops |
|
Functional structural plant modelling |
|
Crop development, adaptation and performance |
|
Queensland Brain Institute |
Understanding how animals perceive their environment through their sensory systems; CoralWatch |
Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions
|
Conservation biology, environmental decision making |
Development and conservation goals with a focus on how new market mechanisms |
|
Socio-economic aspects of conservation decision-making and management and operationalizing resilience |
|
Species conservation and management implementation |
|
Optimal use of natural resources to maximise the productivity of human and ecological systems |
|
Modelling the effects of disturbances and stochastic processes on population dynamics |
|
Identification of global- and local-scale conservation priorities using systematic conservation planning |
|
Human social networks and their role in the effectiveness of conservation actions |
|
Dynamic models and decision theory to improve conservation planning |
|
Costs and benefits of managing protected areas |
|
Patterns and processes shaping biodiversity of native and invasive species in a changing world |
|
Impacts of environmental variability and change on marine and coastal social-ecological systems |
|
Conservation decision making, applied ecology |
|
Ecological theory to manage and conserve natural systems |
|
Initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation |